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Educational guide | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IDENTIFYING DATA | 2024_25 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subject | GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY | Code | 00106017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Study programme |
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Descriptors | Credit. | Type | Year | Period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6.5 | Basic Training | Second | Second |
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Language |
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Prerequisites | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Department | SANIDAD ANIMAL |
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Coordinador |
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abalm@unileon.es mcfere@unileon.es mjgari@unileon.es jfgarm@unileon.es cperm@unileon.es pbars@unileon.es jespic@unileon.es gherg@unileon.es pmeng@unileon.es dzaps@unileon.es |
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Lecturers |
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Web | http://vperp.unileon.es | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General description | General Pathology studies the morphological changes in diseased tissues (lesions) including their pathogenesis, evolution and general etiologies. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tribunales de Revisión |
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Competencias |
Code | |
A19622 | 106P2 Collect and send all types of samples with their corresponding report. |
A19637 | 106S16 Nosology. |
A19638 | 106S17 Description and pathogenesis of general alterations in the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs and systems. |
A19647 | 106S25 Necropsy. |
B6471 | 106G1 Analyse, synthesise, solve problems and make decisions in the professional fields of the veterinarian. |
B6472 | 106G2 Work as a team, single or multidisciplinary, and show respect, appreciation and sensitivity to the work of others. |
B6473 | 106G3 Maintain ethical behavior in the exercise of their responsibilities towards the profession and society. |
B6474 | 106G4 Communicate the information obtained during the veterinarians professional practice fluently, orally and in writing, with other colleagues, authorities and society in general. |
B6475 | 106G5 Write and present professional reports correctly, always maintaining the necessary confidentiality. |
B6476 | 106G6 Search and manage information related to the veterinarians activity. |
B6477 | 106G7 Apply the scientific method to professional practice including evidence-based medicine. |
C1 | CMECES1 That students have demonstrated possession and understanding of knowledge in an area of study that is based on general secondary education, and is usually found at a level that, although supported by advanced textbooks, also includes some aspects that involve knowledge from the cutting edge of their field of study |
C2 | CMECES2 That students know how to apply their knowledge to their work or vocation in a professional manner and possess the skills that are usually demonstrated through the development and defense of arguments and the resolution of problems within their area of study. |
C3 | CMECES3 That students have the ability to gather and interpret relevant data (normally within their area of study) to make judgments that include reflection on relevant issues of a social, scientific or ethical nature. |
C4 | CMECES4 That students can transmit information, ideas, problems and solutions to both a specialised and non-specialised audience |
C5 | CMECES5 That students have developed those learning skills necessary to undertake further studies with a high degree of autonomy |
Learning aims |
Competences | |||
Describe and recognize the macro and microscopic characteristics of the main groups of lesions that appear in cells, tissues or organs: degenerative alterations, necrosis, circulatory alterations, inflammation and reparative lesions, growth disorders and neoplasias, and immunopathological lesions. | A19622 A19638 A19647 |
B6471 B6472 B6475 |
C2 C3 C4 C5 |
Know and understand the causes and basic pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the appearance of different types of lesions, and their evolution. | A19637 A19638 A19647 |
B6471 B6472 B6477 |
C1 C3 |
Know and use the terminology used to name the different types of lesions. | A19638 A19647 |
B6477 |
C4 C5 |
Know and be able to perform basic necropsy procedures on different animal species. | A19622 A19647 |
B6471 B6477 |
C1 C2 |
Know the procedures for collecting tissue samples, their conservation and processing according to the study to which they are directed, accompanied by their corresponding report. | A19622 A19638 A19647 |
B6473 B6474 B6475 B6476 |
C3 C4 C5 |
Contents |
Topic | Sub-topic |
I. INTRODUCTION | ISSUE 1.- Concept of Pathological Anatomy. Division of Pathological Anatomy. Methods of study of Pathological Anatomy. Development of the subject program. Course planning. The lesion. Concept. Classification of lesions. |
II. REGRESSIVE AND METABOLIC ALTERATIONS OF CELLS AND TISSUES | ISSUE 2.- Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia and hypertrophy: concept, types and pathogenic bases. Metaplasia. Atrophy: concept. Anatomopathological characteristics of atrophic organs. Forms and causes of atrophy. ISSUE 3.- Lipid metabolism disorders. Histological revelation of fat. Liposis. Concept, types and anatomopathological characteristics according to the affected organ. Etiopathogenesis of steatosis. Obesity. Lipidosis. Concept and types. ISSUE 4.- Cell damage and metabolic alterations. Disorders of cell water metabolism. Cellular edema. Vacuolar degeneration. Hydropic degeneration. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Glycogen stores. ISSUE 5.- Protein metabolism disorders. Hyaline degenerations. Fibrinoid degeneration. Amyloid degeneration. Pathogenesis of amyloidosis. Disorders of nucleoprotein metabolism. Drop. Uric acid infarction. Collagen pathology. ISSUE 6.- Pigment metabolism disorders. Endogenous pigments: pigments derived from hemoglobin, melanin and lipofuscin. Exogenous pigments. ISSUE 7.- Metabolism disorders linked to secretion products. Mucosal degeneration. Colloid degeneration. Hyperkeratosis. ISSUE 8.- Calcium metabolism alterations. Pathological calcification and types. Calculations and concretions (Lithiasis): Concept. Pathogenesis of lithiasis. Pseudocalculations. Conglomerates. ISSUE 9.- Cell death. Necrosis and apoptosis. Concepts and general characteristics. Forms of necrosis: Anatomopathological characteristics. Evolution of necrotic foci. Consequences of necrosis. |
III. THE DEATH OF THE INDIVIDUAL | ISSUE 10.- The death of the individual.- Concept. Post-mortem changes. Signs of death. Autolysis and putrefaction. Special types of postmortem alterations: Species and organ characteristics. Differentiation of "post-mortem" alterations and "ante-mortem" lesions. Assessment of "post mortem" time. |
IV. CIRCULATORY ALTERATIONS | ISSUE 11.- Local congestion and anemia. Active congestion (hyperemia): Morphological characteristics, causes, mechanisms, consequences. Passive congestion: Morphological characteristics, causes, mechanisms and consequences. Concept of stasis. Local anemia: Concepts, causes, pathogenic mechanism, morphological characteristics and consequences. ISSUE 12.- Hemorrhage. Concepts. Terminology and classification. Cause, pathogenesis and morphological characteristics. Consequences. Evolution of hemorrhagic foci. ISSUE 13.- Edema. General concept. Fluid exchange in tissues. Causes and pathogenesis of edema. Locations. Types of edema and anatomopathological characteristics. Characteristics of edema fluid. Consequences of edema. ISSUE 14.- Thrombosis. Concept and general idea of the mechanism of blood coagulation. Etiopathogenesis of thrombosis. Causes and mechanisms of thrombus production. Types of thrombi. Evolution of the thrombus. Importance of thrombosis. C.I.D. ISSUE 15.- Embolism and Heart Attack. Concept. Types and routes of embolization. Consequences of embolism. Types of infarction and anatomopathological characteristics. Consequences and evolution of the heart attack. ISSUE 16.- General alterations in blood circulation. General circulation alterations. Of cardiac origin: forms of heart failure. Hypertrophy and cardiac dilation. Intra and extracardiac injuries related to it. Shock. Types of Shock. Organs and lesions of Shock. |
V. INFLAMMATION, REGENERATION AND REPAIR | ISSUE 17.- Inflammation. Concept. Historical memory. Causes of inflammation Signs of inflammation. Inflammation terminology. ISSUE 18.- Classification of inflammatory lesions. Components of inflammation. Phases of the inflammatory response. ISSUE 19.- Acute inflammation: Vascular and cellular phenomena. Chemical mediators of the inflammatory response: General characteristics, types and function. Evolution of acute inflammation. ISSUE 20.- Chronic inflammation: Concept, causes, characteristics and pathogenesis. Granulomatous inflammation: Concept. Components of the granuloma. Types of granulomas. ISSUE 21.- Regeneration and repair: Concept. Physiological regeneration. Pathological regeneration and repair: Components and phases. Factors that influence the repair. Consequences of abnormal tissue repair. |
VI. ALTERATIONS IN GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION | ISSUE 22.- Malformations: Concept. Etiology. Types of malformations. Agenesis. Aplasia. Hypoplasia. Atresia. Tema 23.- Neoplasia (I). Concept. Components. Criteria used for classification. Nomenclature. ISSUE 24.- Neoplasia (II). Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasias: Cellular differentiation, growth rate, local invasion, ability to metastasize. Staging of neoplasias. Tumor diagnosis: Cytological, histological and tumor markers. ISSUE 25.- Neoplasia (III). Etiopathogenesis: Fundamental principles. Chemical and physical carcinogens. viral carcinogenesis. Other possible carcinogens. Clinical manifestations of tumors. Tumor immuno-response. ISSUE 26.- Neoplasias of epithelial origin. Papillomas: Types. Adenomas: Types. Carcinomas: Types. Some types of special epithelial tumors in domestic animals. ISSUE 27.- Neoplasias of neuroectodermal origin. Melanocytoma. Melanoma. Tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system. Mixed tumors. ISSUE 28.- Neoplasias of mesenchymal origin (I). Fibroma. Equine sarcoid. Fibrosarcoma. Histiocytoma. Mastocytoma. Myxoma and myxosarcoma. Lipoma and liposarcoma. Chondroma and chondrosarcoma. Osteoma and osteosarcoma. Osteoclastoma. Sarcomas of minimal cellular differentiation. ISSUE 29.- Neoplasias of mesenchymal origin (II). Vascular neoplasias. Hemangioma. Lymphangioma. Hemangiosarcoma. Hemangiopericytoma. Neoplasias of muscle tissue. Leiomyoma. Leiomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma. Neoplasias of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. |
VII. INMUNOPATOLOGY | ISSUE 30.- Immunopathology. Pathological consequences of immune responses. Mechanisms of hypersensitivity: Type I or immediate; type II or cytotoxic; type III or immune complexes and type IV or delayed. Congenital immunodeficiencies. Acquired immunodeficiencies. Autoimmune diseases. |
Planning |
Methodologies :: Tests | |||||||||
Class hours | Hours outside the classroom | Total hours | |||||||
Clinical practicums | 6 | 3 | 9 | ||||||
Laboratory practicals | 16 | 20 | 36 | ||||||
Assignments | 1 | 6.5 | 7.5 | ||||||
Tutorship of group | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
Clinical practicums | 6 | 4 | 10 | ||||||
Lecture | 29 | 46 | 75 | ||||||
Objective short-answer tests | 3 | 11 | 14 | ||||||
Practical tests | 2 | 7 | 9 | ||||||
(*)The information in the planning table is for guidance only and does not take into account the heterogeneity of the students. |
Methodologies |
Description | |
Clinical practicums | Necropsy technique practices: Students will learn the procedure to perform a regulated necropsy. First, the teacher will explain, using an animal, how the necropsy is carried out. Subsequently, the students, in small groups, will perform the necropsy on their own, supervised by the teacher. It will be carried out in the necropsy room, in two sessions: One for the necropsy technique in mammals (3.5 hours) and another in birds (2.5 hours). Attended by two teachers. Number of groups: 6 (x 2 practice sessions). |
Laboratory practicals | Practices in microscopic recognition of lesions (histopathology): Students will examine histological slices of the different groups of lesions (metabolic, circulatory alterations, inflammations, neoplasias) under the optical microscope. Prior to the examination, the teacher will explain, using imaging systems, the main characteristics of each lesion and the details to observe. Subsequently, the student, with the help of diagrams and photographs, will examine the slices. These practices will be carried out in the histopathology laboratory, in 8 sessions of 2 hours each. Supervised by a teacher. Number of groups: 4 (x 8 practice sessions). |
Assignments | The students, tutored and following the instructions of a teacher, will develop personal work on different aspects of the subject (interpretation of lesions, preparation of reports, resolution of cases, bibliographic reviews on specific topics, etc.). This activity will be proposed in the first weeks of the course and will be developed throughout the semester. |
Tutorship of group | In the tutorships, the teacher will be mainly in charge of directing and guiding the student's personal work. Likewise, all doubts or questions that students raise about the contents and different activities of the subject will be resolved. The work and learning carried out by the student throughout the course will be evaluated. |
Clinical practicums | Practices in recognizing macroscopic lesions: Students will learn to recognize macroscopic lesions through the examination and study of viscera and organs from the necropsy of animals (clinical cases) or taken in slaughterhouses. The teachers in charge will explain the lesions and the students will subsequently study them. It will be carried out in the necropsy room, in 7 sessions of one hour. Attended by two teachers. Number of groups: 2 (x 6 practice sessions). |
Lecture | By using image projection systems and diagrams that have previously been made available to the students, the teacher will present the contents of the subject in the classroom. |
Personalized attention |
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Assessment |
Description | Qualification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lecture | Evaluation of theoretical knowledge: Questionnaire of 40 objective and short questions, to be developed, which will be carried out in two sessions (partial and final). 1.- First partial exam Halfway through the semester (approx. April-May). 20 questions (20 % of the final grade). 2.- Second partial exam. At the end of the semester (June-July). 20 questions (20 % of the final grade). On this date, students who have failed the first partial will be able to recover. Location: Faculty classrooms. The correct answer to the questions will be evaluated, in terms of understanding of concepts, knowledge of etiopathogenic mechanisms, etc. |
40 % de la nota final (20 % cada parcial) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Clinical practicums | Macroscopic lesion recognition examination by organ observation: Lesion recognition in 10 preserved organs. Each student will examine the organ for a short period of time (1-2 minutes) and then write the name of the lesion found. ONE SINGLE EXAM, at the end of the course (June). Location: Necropsy room. The ability to recognize and differentiate lesions, and their correct naming will be assessed. |
10 % de la nota final | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Laboratory practicals | Histopathology examination: Identification and description of 5 general microscopic lesions. Each student will be provided with a set of 5 histological slices with some of the lesions studied throughout the course. They will have 30 minutes for microscope observation, description and identification. ONE SINGLE EXAM, at the end of the course (June). Location: Microscopy laboratory. The grade awarded will take into account the student's ability to describe the lesions present in the histological slices, and their correct identification. |
10 % de la nota final | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assignments | TWO works, of a practical nature, on various aspects of the subject. The first assignment must be submitted towards the middle of the semester (April), and the second at the end of the course. The knowledge acquired, ability to express, presentation of results, and synthesis and search for information will be evaluated. |
10 % de la nota final | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Others | LESION RECOGNITION exam in projected images. It will consist of the recognition of a total of 60 macro and microscopic images, in relation to the lesions observed in the different practices of the subject. Coinciding with the theoretical exam of the first partial, the recognition of 40 injuries will be carried out (0.5 points each), and with the second partial, the remaining 20 lesions. Location: Faculty classrooms. The student must identify the projected lesion, or a related disease of which it is characteristic, and respond correctly to the questions raised about the lesions. |
30 % of the final grade (20 % for the first partial and 10 % for the second) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other comments and second call | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
SCORES
ALL QUALIFICATIONS WILL BE CONSERVED FOR THEEXTRAORDINARY CALL. It is necessary to achieve the minimum grade indicated ineach separate exam, and a total of 60 points, to pass the subject. During exams in the classroom,laboratory or necropsy room, the possession, by the student, of paper material(notes, diagrams, etc.) or audiovisual support (tablets, mobile phones, etc.)that contains information that could be used to answer exam questions, is notallowed without authorization from the teacher. If there is any irregularity ofthis type, the exam will be immediately withdrawn, expelled from it and gradedas a fail. |
Sources of information |
Access to Recommended Bibliography in the Catalog ULE |
Basic |
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Complementary |
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Links of interest: http://www.veterinariavirtual.uab.es/archivopatologia/index.php http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/ http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/GENERAL.html https://www-s.med.uiuc.edu/ms/pathology/PathAtlasf/titlepage.html |
Recommendations |
Subjects that it is recommended to have taken before | |||||||||
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