Educational guide
IDENTIFYING DATA 2023_24
Subject MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY Code 00106012
Study programme
0106 GRADO EN VETERINARIA
Descriptors Credit. Type Year Period
12 Basic Training Second First
Language
Castellano
Prerequisites
Department SANIDAD ANIMAL
Coordinador
GUTIÉRREZ MARTÍN , CÉSAR BERNARDO
E-mail cbgutm@unileon.es
smarm@unileon.es
omena@unileon.es
Lecturers
GUTIÉRREZ MARTÍN , CÉSAR BERNARDO
MARTÍNEZ MARTÍNEZ, SONIA
MENCIA ARES , OSCAR
Web http://
General description Basical and applied study of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses and prions) with special emphasis in those of veterinary interest. Fundamental basis of immune response and application to Veterinary Sciences. Structure and function, metabolism and genetics of pathgenic bacteria, microscopic fungi and viruses of industrial, feeding or ambiental interest. Mechanisms of pathogenicity and taxonomy of the bacteria, microscopic fungi and viruses of veterinary interest. Study of the biotechnological mechanisms used by microorganisms. Study of the animal innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the diseases related to its abnormal functioning. Study of the antigen-antibody response and of the diagnostic techniques based on the humoral and cellular immune responses. Concepts on development of vaccines and therapeutic sera.
Tribunales de Revisión
Tribunal titular
Cargo Departamento Profesor
Presidente SANIDAD ANIMAL RUBIO NISTAL , PEDRO MIGUEL
Secretario SANIDAD ANIMAL FREGENEDA GRANDES , JUAN MIGUEL
Vocal SANIDAD ANIMAL GARCIA IGLESIAS , MARIA JOSE
Tribunal suplente
Cargo Departamento Profesor
Presidente SANIDAD ANIMAL FERRERAS ESTRADA , CARMEN
Secretario SANIDAD ANIMAL CARVAJAL URUEÑA , ANA MARIA
Vocal SANIDAD ANIMAL PEREZ MARTINEZ , CLAUDIA

Competencias
Code  
A19623 106P3 Use basic analytical techniques and interpret their clinical, biological and chemical results.
A19635 106S14 Study of microorganisms and parasites that affect animals and those that have an industrial, biotechnological or ecological application.
A19636 106S15 Bases and technical applications of the immune response.
B6471 106G1 Analyse, synthesise, solve problems and make decisions in the professional fields of the veterinarian.
B6472 106G2 Work as a team, single or multidisciplinary, and show respect, appreciation and sensitivity to the work of others.
B6474 106G4 Communicate the information obtained during the veterinarians professional practice fluently, orally and in writing, with other colleagues, authorities and society in general.
B6481 106G11 Keep the knowledge, skills and attitudes of professional competencies updated through a continuing education process.
C2 CMECES2 That students know how to apply their knowledge to their work or vocation in a professional manner and possess the skills that are usually demonstrated through the development and defense of arguments and the resolution of problems within their area of study.
C3 CMECES3 That students have the ability to gather and interpret relevant data (normally within their area of study) to make judgments that include reflection on relevant issues of a social, scientific or ethical nature.

Learning aims
Competences
Recognizes, identifies, and classifies bacteria, microscopic fungi, viruses, and parasites affecting animals. A19623
A19635
A19636
 B6471
B6472
B6474
B6481
 C2
C3
Identifies pathogenicity attributes in veterinary pathogens. A19623
A19635
A19636
 B6471
B6472
B6474
B6481
 C2
C3
Drafts and presents reports related to microbiological analyses. A19623
A19635
A19636
 B6471
B6472
B6474
B6481
 C2
C3
Performs various immunological techniques applied to the diagnosis of animal diseases, as well as basic vaccine preparations. A19623
A19635
A19636
 B6471
B6472
B6474
B6481
 C2
C3

Contents
Topic Sub-topic
I. IMMUNOLOGY Lesson 1. General concepts. Animal defenses. Physical defense mechanisms. Chemical defense mechanisms. Cellular defense mechanisms (Phagocytosis). Types of innate immunity.
Lesson 2. Acquired, adaptive, or specific immunity. Main characteristics. Structure of the immune system. Primary lymphoid organs. Secondary lymphoid organs. Involved cells: Cells of the lymphoid and myeloid series.
Lesson 3. Antigen concept. Classification of antigens. Concepts of hapten and carrier. Heteroantigens in microorganisms. Heteroantigens non-microbial. Xenoantigens and alloantigens. Factors that condition the quality of an antigen. Chemical nature. Concept of epitope. Concept of nonspecificity (cross-reactions). Thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens.
Lesson 4. The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC). Concept and classes. Structure. Molecules of Class I. Molecules of Class II. MHC and disease. Antigen processing: Exogenous antigens or endocytic pathway, endogenous antigens or cytosolic pathway.
Lesson 5. Cytokines. Concept, nomenclature, action, functions, and attributes. Cytokines produced mainly by macrophages and dendritic cells. Cytokines produced mainly by Th1 lymphocytes and Th2 lymphocytes. Chemokines. Growth factors. Antiviral cytokines.
Lesson 6. T lymphocytes and their response to the antigen. Antigen receptors of T lymphocytes (TCRs). Co-stimulation of Th lymphocytes by pairs of receptors (ligands) and by cytokines. Final activation mechanism. Concept of superantigen. Subpopulations of Th lymphocytes. Memory Th lymphocytes.
Lesson 7. Destruction of antigens linked to cells. Role of antigen-presenting cells and Th1 lymphocytes. Reaction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc): Perforin pathway, CD95 or FAS pathway, and other minor pathways. Subpopulations of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Other mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Memory Tc lymphocytes.
Lesson 8. B lymphocytes and their response to the antigen. Antigen receptors of B lymphocytes (BCRs). Co-stimulation by cytokines and by pairs of receptors (ligands). Response of B lymphocytes to the antigen. Thymus-independent antigens. Plasma cells. Memory B lymphocytes.
Lesson 9. Soluble forms of BCRs: Antibodies. Classes of immunoglobulins: IgGs, IgMs, IgAs, IgEs, and IgDs.
Lesson 10. Complement system. Concept. Alternative activation pathway. Lectin activation pathway. Classical activation pathway. Regulation of activation. Consequences of the activation of the complement system.
Lesson 11. Regulation of the immune system. Tolerance. Tolerance dependent on T lymphocytes (TCR selection, receptor editing, clonal anergy). Tolerance dependent on B lymphocytes (clonal deletion, clonal anergy, clonal exhaustion, other mechanisms). Incomplete tolerance. Duration of tolerance. Control of immune responses.
Lesson 12. Autoimmunity. Autoimmunity to normal responses to unusual antigens (hidden antigens, molecular changes, molecular mimicry, alterations in the processing of antigens). Autoimmunity to abnormal responses to normal antigens (failure in regulation, due to a virus). Mechanisms of appearance of autoimmunity (due to hypersensitivities of types I, II, III, and IV). Example of autoimmune diseases: Systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunodeficiencies: Primary immunodeficiencies and secondary immunodeficiencies.
Lesson 13. Hypersensitivities (I). Concept, classification, and characteristics. Type I hypersensitivity (allergy and anaphylaxis): Induction and receptors, involved cells, cellular response to antigens, released mediators, and examples. Type II hypersensitivity (cytotoxic antibody-dependent): Hemolytic disease of the newborn, drug-induced.
Lesson 14. Hypersensitivities (II). Type III hypersensitivity (mediated by immune complexes): Local (Arthus reaction and other examples) and generalized (serum sickness and other examples). Type IV hypersensitivity or delayed: Reaction to tuberculin and other examples.
Lesson 15. Immunization. General characteristics. Active immunization (I): Vaccines. Traditional vaccines (live and dead vaccines, toxoids and autovaccines). Modern methods of vaccine production (by genetic engineering -Type I-; live microorganisms, attenuated by genetic means or vaccines with deletions -Type II-; vaccines of recombinant live microorganisms -Type III-; polynucleotide vaccines -Type IV-; reverse vaccinology).
Lesson 16. Active immunization (II): Adjuvants (deposit adjuvants, particulate adjuvants; immunostimulants; combined adjuvants); monovalent, polyvalent, and mixed vaccines; vaccine administration; vaccination schedules; failures in vaccination; adverse consequences of vaccination; control of vaccines. Passive immunization: General characteristics; production and administration of therapeutic sera; administration of therapeutic sera; risks and adverse consequences; control.
II. GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY Lesson 17. Bacterial taxonomy. Classification. Taxonomic ranks. Nomenclature. Bergey's Manual. Identification.

Lesson 18. Concept of bacteria. Morphology, size, and bacterial groupings. Bacterial structure (I). Internal structures: Cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, gas vacuoles, carboxysomes, magnetosomes, reserve cytoplasmic inclusions, bacterial genome.

Lesson 19. Bacterial structure (II). External structures: Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls; Protoplasts and spheroplasts; Glycocalyx (capsule and "slime"); Flagella and axial filaments; Pili and fimbriae. Bacterial spores.

Lesson 20. Nutrition. Basic nutritional needs. Trophic types. Environmental factors as determinants of growth. Metabolism. Redox reactions and electron transporters.

Lesson 21. Catabolism. ATP generation. Catabolism of carbohydrates (glucose): Glycolysis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway, and Entner-Duodoroff Pathway. Respiration and the Krebs Cycle. Electron transport chain and ATP formation through oxidative phosphorylation. Pasteur effect. Anaerobic respiration and chemoautotrophic microorganisms. Catabolism of other molecules.

Lesson 22. Anabolism. Metabolites precursors. Carbohydrate biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. Biosynthesis of other molecules.

Lesson 23. Bacterial genetics. General concepts. Phenotype and genotype. The genetic code. Mutations: Based on size and consequences, based on cause. Selective and non-selective mutations.

Lesson 24. Transfer of genetic material (I): Transformation and transfection, conjugation (F+ ? F- and Hfr ? F-, F' plasmids).

Lesson 25. Transfer of genetic material (II): Transduction. Genetic engineering and biotechnology. General concepts. Recombinant DNA technology. Preparation of recombinant DNA. Cloning vectors. Expression vectors. Practical applications: Polymerase chain reaction.

Lesson 26. Bacterial growth and multiplication. General concepts. Calculation of bacterial population size. Determination of population growth in unrenewed culture broth. Continuous cultures.

Lesson 27. Control of microorganisms. Physical agents: Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, sound waves, oxygen, visible light. Sterilization and disinfection: Physical sterilization (heat, radiation, filtration), chemical sterilization (action on cytoplasmic membrane, proteins and nucleic acids, protein denaturation).

Lesson 28. Chemical agents: Antibiotics. Structural analogs of p-aminobenzoic acid (sulfonamides). Inhibitors of the cell wall (?-lactams, phosphomycin, cycloserine, vancomycin, bacitracin). Those acting on protein synthesis (tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides). Those acting on cytoplasmic membranes. Those acting on nucleic acids. Emergence of resistance.

Lesson 29. Bacterial pathogenicity (I). General concepts. Adherence (Fimbriae and pili, afimbrial adhesins, biofilms). Invasion, growth, and multiplication. Survival in the host: Evasion of the immune response (phagocytosis, intracellular phagocytosis, complement system, antibody response, proteases for IgAs).

Lesson 30. Bacterial pathogenicity (II). Production of damage in the host: Exotoxins (A-B toxins, membrane-damaging toxins, superantigens), endotoxins, and other toxic components of the bacterial cell wall. Protein secretion systems. Pathogenicity islands.
III. VETERINARY BACTERIOLOGY Lesson 31. Phylum Actinobacteria. Order Actinomycetales. Family Actinomycetaceae. Genera Actinomyces and Arcanobacterium. Family Corynebacteriaceae. Genus Corynebacterium. Family Mycobacteriaceae. Genus Mycobacterium. Family Nocardiaceae. Genera Nocardia and Rhodococcus. Family Propionibacteriaceae. Genus Propionibacterium.

Lesson 32. Phylum Chlamydiae. Class Chlamydiae. Genus Chlamydia. Phylum Firmicutes. Class Bacilli. Order Bacillales. Family Bacillaceae. Genus Bacillus. Family Listeriaceae. Genus Listeria.

Lesson 33. Family Staphylococcaceae. Genus Staphylococcus. Order Lactobacillales. Families Enterococcaceae (Genus Enterococcus), Lactobacillaceae (Genus Lactobacillus), and Streptococcaceae (Genus Streptococcus).

Lesson 34. Class Clostridia. Family Clostridiaceae. Genus Clostridium. Class Erysipelotrichi. Genus Erysipelothrix. Phylum Tenericutes. Class Mollicutes. Order Mycoplasmatales. Genera Mycoplasma.

Lesson 35. Phylum Proteobacteria (Gram-negative bacteria). Class Alphaproteobacteria. Order Rickettsiales. Family Rickettsiaceae: Genus Rickettsia. Family Anaplasmataceae: Genera Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. Order Rhizobiales: Family Bartonellaceae: Genus Bartonella. Family Brucellaceae: Genus Brucella.

Lesson 36. Class Betaproteobacteria. Order Burkholderiales: Family Burkholderiaceae: Genus Burkholderia. Family Alcaligenaceae: Genera Bordetella and Taylorella. Class Gammaproteobacteria: Order Aeromonadales: Family Aeromonadaceae: Genus Aeromonas. Order Cardiobacteriales: Family Cardiobacteriaceae: Genus Dichelobacter.

Lesson 37. Order Enterobacteriales: Family Enterobacteriaceae: Genera Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia. Order Legionellales. Genus Coxiella. Order Pasteurellales. Family Pasteurellaceae: Genera Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, Pasteurella, and Mannheimia. Order Pseudomonadales. Family Moraxellaceae: Genus Moraxella. Family Pseudomonadaceae: Genus Pseudomonas.

Lesson 39. Order Thiotrichales: Family Francisellaceae: Genus Francisella. Order Vibrionales: Family Vibrionaceae: Genus Vibrio. Class Deltaproteobacteria: Order Desulfovibrionales: Family Desulfovibrionaceae: Genus Lawsonia. Class Epsilonproteobacteria: Order Campylobacterales: Family Campylobacteraceae: Genus Campylobacter.

Lesson 40. Other phyla of veterinary interest. Phylum Fusobacteria: Genus Fusobacterium. Phylum Spirochaetes: Families Leptospiraceae (Genus Leptospira), Brachyspiraceae (Genera Brachyspira), and Spirochaetaceae (Genera Borrelia, Treponema, and Spirochaeta).
IV. GENERAL AND VETERINARY MICOLOGY Lesson 41. Fungi. Concept and types. Yeasts and filamentous fungi. Morphological and structural characteristics of yeasts. Nutrition and metabolism. Reproduction. Antifungal agents. Mechanisms of pathogenic action. Industrial importance.

Lesson 42. Yeasts of veterinary interest: Genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia, and Saccharomyces. Filamentous fungi of veterinary interest: Fungi with coenocytic mycelium: Phylum Zygomycota: Genera Rhizomucor and Mortierella. Fungi with septate mycelium: Phylum Ascomycota: Genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Dimorphic fungi: Genera Histoplasma and Sporothrix.
V. GENERAL AND VETERINARY VIROLOGY Lesson 43. Concept of viruses. General characteristics, size, tropism, cultivation, and detection. Morphology, structure, and chemical composition. Viral symmetry: icosahedral, helical, and complex. Naked viruses and enveloped viruses.

Lesson 44. Animal viruses. Cultivation. Study and counting. Replication cycle. Viral genetics. Genetic interactions between viruses and interactions between genetic products.

Lesson 45. Mechanisms of pathogenic action of animal viruses. Interference with viral activity. Chemical inhibition of animal viruses: antivirals. Viral taxonomy. Bacterial and fungal viruses. Subviral agents: prions.

Lesson 46. DNA viruses with a double-stranded genome. Family Poxviridae: general characteristics. Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. Genera Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Avipoxivirus, Capripoxvirus, and Suipoxvirus. Species of veterinary interest. Family Asfarviridae: general characteristics. Genus Asfivirus: African swine fever virus.

Lesson 47. Family Herpesviridae. General characteristics. Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae: pseudorabies virus, bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus (IBR), Marek's disease virus. Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae: malignant catarrhal fever virus.

Lesson 48. Families Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae: general characteristics. Family Adenoviridae: general characteristics. Genera Aviadenovirus (avian adenovirus type A) and Atadenovirus type 1 (ovine and bovine adenovirus).

Lesson 49. DNA viruses with a single-stranded genome. Family Circoviridae: general characteristics. Genus Circovirus: porcine circoviruses. Family Parvoviridae: general characteristics. Genus Parvovirus: canine, feline, and porcine parvoviruses. Feline panleukopenia virus.

Lesson 50. RNA viruses with a double-stranded genome. Family Reoviridae: general characteristics. Genus Orbivirus (bluetongue virus and African horse sickness virus), genus Rotavirus. Family Birnaviridae: genus Avibirnavirus (infectious bursal disease virus) and genus Aquabirnavirus (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus).

Lesson 51. Naked RNA viruses. Family Flaviviridae: general characteristics. Genus Flavivirus: tick-borne and mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Genus Pestivirus: border disease virus, classical swine fever virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Family Togaviridae: general characteristics. Genus Alphavirus: equine encephalitis viruses.

Lesson 52. Family Coronaviridae: general characteristics. Genus Coronavirus: avian infectious bronchitis virus, feline and porcine coronaviruses. Family Arteriviridae: general characteristics. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

Lesson 53. Family Picornaviridae: general characteristics. Genus Enterovirus (porcine and bovine enteroviruses) and genus Aphthovirus (foot-and-mouth disease virus). Family Caliciviridae: general characteristics. Genus Vesivirus (feline caliciviruses and porcine vesicular exanthema virus), genus Lagovirus (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus). Family Astroviridae: astroviruses of mammals and birds.

Lesson 54. Enveloped RNA viruses. Family Bornaviridae: Borna disease virus. Family Rhabdoviridae: general characteristics. Genus Lyssavirus (rabies virus) and genus Vesiculovirus (vesicular stomatitis virus).

Lesson 55. Family Paramyxoviridae: general characteristics. Genus Morbillivirus: canine distemper virus, peste des petits ruminants virus. Genus Avulavirus: Newcastle disease virus and avian paramyxoviruses types 2-9.

Lesson 56. Family Orthomyxoviridae: general characteristics. Animal influenza viruses. Family Bunyaviridae: genera Hantavirus, Nairovirus, Orthobunyavirus, and genus Phlebovirus (Rift Valley fever virus).

Lesson 57. RNA viruses with reverse transcriptase. Family Retroviridae: genus Alpharetrovirus (avian leukosis virus), genus Gammaretrovirus (murine and feline leukemia viruses, feline sarcoma virus), genus Deltaretrovirus (bovine leukemia virus), genus Lentivirus (bovine immunodeficiency virus, equine infectious anemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, Visna/Maedi virus).
VI. Practical contents of IMMUNOLOGY Practice 1. Organization of the Immunology Laboratory. Materials and equipment for routine use. Handling. Obtaining and maintaining sera. Antigen-antibody reactions: Fundamentals. Secondary-type reactions: Rapid agglutination on slides (Rose Bengal and blood group determination), slow tube agglutination (I), and radial immunodiffusion (Ouchterlony technique (I)).

Practice 2. Readings of slow tube agglutination (and II) and radial immunodiffusion (and II). Primary-type reactions: ELISA techniques. Fundamentals. Indirect ELISA (I): Coating the plate with the antigen. Preparation of an autovaccine (I).

Practice 3. Indirect ELISA (and II): Addition of serum, conjugate, substrate, chromogen, and reaction stopping. Preparation of an autovaccine (II). Immunohistochemistry techniques: Microscopic visualization.

Practice 4. Preparation of an autovaccine (III). Isolation and counting of cells from peripheral blood using a Neubauer chamber. Secondary-type reactions: Indirect hemagglutination (I).

Practice 5. Preparation of an autovaccine (and IV). Secondary-type reactions: Indirect hemagglutination (and II).
VII. Practical contents of MICROBIOLOGY Practice 1. Organization of the Microbiology Laboratory. Biosafety guidelines in the Microbiology Laboratory. Materials and equipment for routine use. Handling. Preparation of culture media. Preparation of dilutions. Sterilization techniques.

Practice 2. Culture of microorganisms. Seeding techniques (bacteria and yeasts). Solid medium, liquid medium, and semisolid medium seeding. Incubation methods. Obtaining pure cultures.

Practice 3. Isolation and counting of microorganisms from a clinical sample (I). Macroscopic observation of growth on solid, liquid, and semisolid media. Macroscopic study of colonies. Microscopic observation in fresh: Hanging drop technique.

Practice 4. Isolation and counting of microorganisms (and II): determination of CFUs. Preparation of microorganisms for microscopic observation: spreading, fixation, and staining. Simple stains: Methylene blue staining. Differential stains (I): Gram staining.

Practice 5. Differential stains (and II): Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Specific staining of structures: Negative staining of capsules, staining of bacterial spores. Seeding of a clinical sample from a clinical sample and/or food (I). Shipping and receiving requirements in the laboratory.

Practice 6. Microbiological analysis of clinical and/or food samples (and II): Identification of isolated microorganisms. Immediate reading tests: Catalase, cytochrome oxidase, and coagulase. Deferred reading tests: Biochemical tests performed on agar or in a tube (I) Transfer of genetic material between bacteria: Conjugation (I): Seeding of donor and recipient bacteria. Preparation of a filamentous fungus for microscopic visualization (I) (microculture). Seeding of filamentous fungi in culture media.

Practice 7. Results of deferred reading biochemical tests (and II). Transfer of genetic material between bacteria: Conjugation (II): Dilution of transconjugants. Microculture reading (and II): Microscopic observation. Seeding on MacConkey medium (I) and blood agar (I). CAMP effect.

Practice 8. Bacterial conjugation (and III): Observation of transconjugant colonies. Reading of MacConkey seeding (and II) and hemolytic and CAMP effects (and II). Assay of various disinfectants in solid medium. Bioassay. Determination of bacterial and fungal sensitivity to different antimicrobials and antifungals, respectively (I).

Practice 9. Bioassay reading (and II), disinfectant assay (and II), and antibiogram and antifungigram reading (and II). Isolation and counting of bacteriophages from a biological sample (I).

Practice 10. Bacteriophage counting from a biological sample: Reading (and II). Transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Evaluation of Microbiology and Immunology practices (multiple-choice exam).

Planning
Methodologies  ::  Tests
  Class hours Hours outside the classroom Total hours
Laboratory practicals 40 70 110
 
Personal tuition 3 5 8
 
Lecture 60 114 174
 
Objective short-answer tests 8 0 8
 
(*)The information in the planning table is for guidance only and does not take into account the heterogeneity of the students.

Methodologies
Methodologies   ::  
  Description
Laboratory practicals 15 sequential and continuous practice sessions, day after day: 5 Immunology practices + 10 Microbiology practices. All practice groups will first go through Immunology practices and then through Microbiology practices. Laboratory practices: 2 simultaneous groups (in Laboratories A and B of the Microbiology and Immunology Unit, 2nd floor). Duration: approximately 2:30 h. Number of practice groups: 6, distributed equitably (one group will be the combination of two practice groups designated by the Veterinary Faculty). Location: Microbiology Laboratory of the Microbiology and Immunology Unit. Number of teachers per group: 1.
Personal tuition Doubts that students raise about different aspects of the theoretical and practical knowledge of the subject will be resolved. Tutorials can be either virtual (by resolving doubts through email) or face-to-face, individual, or group. In the latter case, the student(s) must request an appointment with the teacher in advance, via email.
Lecture Classroom sessions with an estimated duration of 50 minutes, participatory, using common methodologies. In advance of each topic, students will have the presentation that will be used in each class available on Moodle. The 57 topics that make up the theoretical program will be taught over 60 teaching hours.

Personalized attention
 
Lecture
Laboratory practicals
Description
Doubts that students raise about different aspects of the theoretical and practical knowledge of the subject will be resolved. Tutorials can be either virtual (by resolving doubts through email) or face-to-face, individual, or group. In the latter case, the student(s) must request an appointment with the teacher in advance, via email.

Assessment
  Description Qualification
Lecture Throughout the course, on two different days of the lecture sessions, and without prior notice, an activity will be proposed that will be explained only in the classroom. A time limit will be given for its submission.
These two activities will be VOLUNTARY; therefore, no one will be obliged to submit them.
They will account for the remaining 10% of the overall mark, up to reaching 100%. This means that those who do not want to carry them out can only obtain a maximum grade of 9.0.

Outside the established deadline (which will be sufficient for their completion), these activities will not be considered.
 10% of the final grade
Laboratory practicals On the last day of the practical sessions (i.e., after completing all the practices - Immunology and Microbiology), a multiple-choice test will be conducted with 10 questions, each with 5 possible answers and only one correct. Each correct answer will add 1 point, and each incorrect answer will subtract 0.2 points.

It is essential to pass the practical exam to pass the subject.

If the practical exam is not passed on the last day of the sessions, it can be repeated in the January and February exam sessions if necessary.

If, after the February exam session, the practical exam has not been passed with at least a 5.0, the subject will be considered failed, even if the theoretical part has been passed, and it must be retaken, including the practical component, in the following academic year.
 20% of the final grade
Objective short-answer tests There will be TWO MIDTERM EXAMS in the subject:

The FIRST will cover topics 1 to 30, and the SECOND will cover topics 31 to 57. These midterm exams will be passed with a 5.0 (a 5.0 is a 5.0, not a 4.6 or 4.8). The exams will be corrected only once, so "haggling" during the review will not be accepted. The subject can be passed through midterms, so anyone who has achieved a minimum of 5.0 in both midterms will have passed the subject. The percentage corresponding to the practical exams, which will account for 20% of the total grade, will be added to the average of the resulting grade, while the theoretical part will represent 70% of the subject.

Each of the two midterms will consist of:

• A multiple-choice test with 20 questions. There will be only one correct answer among the five given. Each incorrect answer will subtract 0.2 points, and each correctly answered question will add 1 point. With 20 correct answers (i.e., all of them), a 5.0 will be obtained. Below this score, the corresponding proration will be applied.

• A short answer test with 6 questions. Each of these questions will be scored between 0 and 10. With a score of 60 in this section (i.e., all six questions perfect), another 5.0 will be obtained, up to the total maximum score of 10.0, when combined with the multiple-choice test score. Below this score, the corresponding proration will be applied.

• It is reminded that this midterm exam will be passed if the sum of the two parts (multiple-choice test and short answer questions) yields a score equal to or higher than 5.0.

In the January exam session, students will only take the exams for the midterms they failed: one or both. If they have passed both, they will not have to attend the January session.

The February exam session will work the same way: students will only have to take the exams they failed.

If, after the February exam session, the two midterms and/or the practical exam have not been passed, the subject will be considered failed in its entirety, and it must be retaken in full the following year.
 70% of the final grade:
35% the first midterm exam and
35% the final exam
 
Other comments and second call

The possession and use of electronic devices (mobile phones, headphones, etc.) during exams are strictly prohibited. In the event of any irregularities during the evaluation tests, according to the current regulations, the exam will be confiscated, the participant will be expelled, and the result will be marked as "failed." Additionally, the incident will be reported to the dean's office.

Sources of information
Access to Recommended Bibliography in the Catalog ULE

Basic Tizard IR, Introducción a la inmunología veterinaria, Barcelona: Elsevier, 2009
Willey JM, Sherwood LM, Woolverton ChJ , Microbiología de Prescott, Harley y Klein, Aravaca [Madrid]: MacGraw-Hill Interamericana de España, 2009
Quinn PJ y col., Veterinary microbiology and microbial disease, Chichester (Wst Sussex, UK): Wiley-Blackwell, 2012

Useful Links

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed Database of scientific publications

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy Taxonomic group identification

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/ BLAST against GenBank or the global genetic database

www.semicro.es/ Spanish Society for Microbiology

www.inab.org/ National Institute of Bioinformatics

www.redgb.org National Network of Bacterial Genomics

www.cect.org/ Spanish Collection of Type Cultures

www.genome.jp/kegg/kegg2.html Detailed information on functions and metabolic analysis

www.bacterio.cict.fr/classifphyla.html List of bacterial names based on nomenclature

www.the-icsp.org/ International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes

www.seaic.es Spanish Society of Clinical Immunology

www.aclaic.org Castilla-León Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology

www.eaaci.org European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology

www.sei.es Spanish Society of Immunology

www.who.org World Health Organization

www.semicro.es Spanish Society for Microbiology

www.aemicol.org Spanish Association of Mycology

www.seimc.org Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology

www.cbm.uam.es/sev/ Spanish Society of Virology

www.escmid.org/ European Society of Clinical and Infectious Diseases

www.fems-microbiology.org/ Federation of European Microbiological Societies

www.iums.org/ International Union of Microbiological Societies

www.asm.org/ American Society for Microbiology

www.atcc.org/ American Type Culture Collection

www.cdc.gov/ Centers for Disease Control

www.pasteur.fr Pasteur Institute

www.ugr.es/~eianez/Microbiologia/ General Microbiology Program (Enrique Iañez, Univ. Granada) 
Complementary Brenner, Krieg, Staley and GM Garrity , Bergey’s Manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2. The Proteobacteria. Part C, Alpha-, Beta-, Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria , Springer-Verlag , 2005
Garrity G , Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Volume 5. The Actinobacteria , Springer , 2010
Vos P, Garrity G, Jones D, Krieg NR, Ludwig W, Rainey FA, Schleifer KH, Whgitman WB , Bergey’s manual of systematic bactriology. Volume 3. The Firmicutes , Springer , 2009
Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J , Biología de los microorganismos , Madrid: Pearson Prentice Hall Iberia , 2002
Richman DD, Whitley RJ, Hyden FG , Clinical virology , Washington, DC: ASM Press , 2002
Specter SC, Hodinka RI, Young SA , Clinical virology manual , Washington, DC: ASM Press , 2000
Cabañes FJ , Dermatofitosis animales. Recientes avances , Rvta. Iberam. Micol , 2000, 17:S8-S12
Quinn PJ, Markey BK , Elementos de Microbiología veterinaria , Zaragoza: Acribia , 2003
Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA , Immunology , WH Freeman & Co , 2000
Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ , Inmunobiología. El sistema inmunitario en condiciones de salud y enfermedad , Barcelona; Madrid: Masson , 2003
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS , Inmunología celular y molecular , Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana , 2002
Regueiro González JR, López Larrea, C, González Rodríguez S, Martínez Navez E , Inmunología. Biología y patología del sistema inmune , Madrid: Médica Panamericana , 2004
Roitt IM, Delves PJ, Martin S, Burton D , Inmunología: fundamentos , Buenos Aires: Médica Panamericana , 2008
Johnson TR, Chase C L , Laboratory experiments in microbiology , San Francisco: Pearson-Benjamin Cummings , 2010
Euzeby JP , List of Prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature (LPSN) , , 2008
Gómez-Lucia E, Blanco MM, Domenech A , Manual de inmunología veterinaria , Madrid: Pearson Educación , 2007
Vadillo S, Píriz S, Mateos E , Manual de microbiologia veterinaria , Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana , 2002
Campos Ferrer A, Muñoz Ruiz C, Rubio Pedraza G , Manual de prácticas de inmunología , Masson , 2004
Gamazo C, López-Goí I, Días R , Manual práctico de microbiología , Masson , 2005
Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobayashi GS, Pfaller MA , Medical microbiology , St. Louis: Mosby , 2002
Prats G , Microbiología clínica , Buenos Aires; Madrid: Médica Panamericana , 2006
Cuello F, Gallego MC, Caro MR, Salinas J, Buendía AJ, Del Río L , Microbiología e inmunología: manual de prácticas , D.M. Colección Textos Guía. ICE Univ. Murcia , 2000
Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Carter ME Donnnelly WJ, Leonard FC , Microbiología y enfermedades infecciosas veterinarias , Zaragoza: Acribia , 2002
Flint SJ y col. , Principles of virology. Molecular biology, pathogenesis and control , ASM Press , 2000
Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn TG , Taxonomic outline of the prokariotes. Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology , Springer-Verlag , 2004
Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA , Virus taxonomy: the eighth report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses , University of Alabama , 2005


Recommendations


Subjects that it is recommended to have taken before
BIOCHEMISTRY / 00106004
CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY / 00106005