Educational guide

IDENTIFYING DATA

2023_24

Subject

GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Code

00106017

Study programme

0106 GRADO EN VETERINARIA

Descriptors

Credit.

Type

Year

Period

6.5

Basic Training

Second

Language

Castellano

Prerequisites

Department

SANIDAD ANIMAL

Coordinador

BALSEIRO MORALES , ANA MARIA

E-mail

abalm@unileon.es
mcfere@unileon.es
mjgari@unileon.es
jfgarm@unileon.es
cperm@unileon.es
mcrib@unileon.es
jespic@unileon.es
-
gherg@unileon.es
pmeng@unileon.es
dzaps@unileon.es

Lecturers

FERRERAS ESTRADA , MARÍA DEL CARMEN

GARCÍA IGLESIAS , MARÍA JOSÉ

GARCÍA MARÍN , JUAN FRANCISCO

PÉREZ MARTÍNEZ , CLAUDIA

BALSEIRO MORALES , ANA MARIA

CRIADO BOYERO , MIGUEL

ESPINOSA CERRATO , JOSE

FERNANDEZ FERNANDEZ , MIGUEL

HERRERO GARCIA , GLORIA

MENDIVIL GUTIERREZ , PEDRO

ZAPICO SANCHEZ , DAVID

Web

http://vperp.unileon.es

General description

General Pathology studies the morphological changes in diseased tissues (lesions) including their pathogenesis, evolution and general etiologies.

Tribunales de Revisión

Tribunal titular
Cargo	Departamento	Profesor
Presidente	SANIDAD ANIMAL	GUTIERREZ MARTIN , CESAR BERNARDO
Secretario	SANIDAD ANIMAL	DIEZ BAÑOS , MARIA NATIVIDAD
Vocal	SANIDAD ANIMAL	CARVAJAL URUEÑA , ANA MARIA

Tribunal suplente
Cargo	Departamento	Profesor
Presidente	SANIDAD ANIMAL	RUBIO NISTAL , PEDRO MIGUEL
Secretario	SANIDAD ANIMAL	MARTINEZ MARTINEZ , SONIA
Vocal	SANIDAD ANIMAL	FREGENEDA GRANDES , JUAN MIGUEL

Competencias

Code
A19622	106P2 Collect and send all types of samples with their corresponding report.
A19637	106S16 Nosology.
A19638	106S17 Description and pathogenesis of general alterations in the structure and function of cells, tissues, organs and systems.
A19647	106S25 Necropsy.
B6471	106G1 Analyse, synthesise, solve problems and make decisions in the professional fields of the veterinarian.
B6472	106G2 Work as a team, single or multidisciplinary, and show respect, appreciation and sensitivity to the work of others.
B6473	106G3 Maintain ethical behavior in the exercise of their responsibilities towards the profession and society.
B6474	106G4 Communicate the information obtained during the veterinarians professional practice fluently, orally and in writing, with other colleagues, authorities and society in general.
B6475	106G5 Write and present professional reports correctly, always maintaining the necessary confidentiality.
B6476	106G6 Search and manage information related to the veterinarians activity.
B6477	106G7 Apply the scientific method to professional practice including evidence-based medicine.
C1	CMECES1 That students have demonstrated possession and understanding of knowledge in an area of study that is based on general secondary education, and is usually found at a level that, although supported by advanced textbooks, also includes some aspects that involve knowledge from the cutting edge of their field of study
C2	CMECES2 That students know how to apply their knowledge to their work or vocation in a professional manner and possess the skills that are usually demonstrated through the development and defense of arguments and the resolution of problems within their area of study.
C3	CMECES3 That students have the ability to gather and interpret relevant data (normally within their area of study) to make judgments that include reflection on relevant issues of a social, scientific or ethical nature.
C4	CMECES4 That students can transmit information, ideas, problems and solutions to both a specialised and non-specialised audience
C5	CMECES5 That students have developed those learning skills necessary to undertake further studies with a high degree of autonomy

Learning aims

	Competences
Describe and recognize the macro and microscopic characteristics of the main groups of lesions that appear in cells, tissues or organs: degenerative alterations, necrosis, circulatory alterations, inflammation and reparative lesions, growth disorders and neoplasias, and immunopathological lesions.	A19622 A19638 A19647	B6471 B6472 B6475	C2 C3 C4 C5
Know and understand the causes and basic pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the appearance of different types of lesions, and their evolution.	A19637 A19638 A19647	B6471 B6472 B6477	C1 C3
Know and use the terminology used to name the different types of lesions.	A19638 A19647	B6477	C4 C5
Know and be able to perform basic necropsy procedures on different animal species.	A19622 A19647	B6471 B6477	C1 C2
Know the procedures for collecting tissue samples, their conservation and processing according to the study to which they are directed, accompanied by their corresponding report.	A19622 A19638 A19647	B6473 B6474 B6475 B6476	C3 C4 C5

Contents

Topic	Sub-topic
I. INTRODUCTION	ISSUE 1.- Concept of Pathological Anatomy. Division of Pathological Anatomy. Methods of study of Pathological Anatomy. Development of the subject program. Course planning. The lesion. Concept. Classification of lesions.
II. REGRESSIVE AND METABOLIC ALTERATIONS OF CELLS AND TISSUES	ISSUE 2.- Cellular adaptations of growth and differentiation: hyperplasia and hypertrophy: concept, types and pathogenic bases. Metaplasia. Atrophy: concept. Anatomopathological characteristics of atrophic organs. Forms and causes of atrophy. ISSUE 3.- Lipid metabolism disorders. Histological revelation of fat. Liposis. Concept, types and anatomopathological characteristics according to the affected organ. Etiopathogenesis of steatosis. Obesity. Lipidosis. Concept and types. ISSUE 4.- Cell damage and metabolic alterations. Disorders of cell water metabolism. Cellular edema. Vacuolar degeneration. Hydropic degeneration. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Glycogen stores. ISSUE 5.- Protein metabolism disorders. Hyaline degenerations. Fibrinoid degeneration. Amyloid degeneration. Pathogenesis of amyloidosis. Disorders of nucleoprotein metabolism. Drop. Uric acid infarction. Collagen pathology. ISSUE 6.- Pigment metabolism disorders. Endogenous pigments: pigments derived from hemoglobin, melanin and lipofuscin. Exogenous pigments. ISSUE 7.- Metabolism disorders linked to secretion products. Mucosal degeneration. Colloid degeneration. Hyperkeratosis. ISSUE 8.- Calcium metabolism alterations. Pathological calcification and types. Calculations and concretions (Lithiasis): Concept. Pathogenesis of lithiasis. Pseudocalculations. Conglomerates. ISSUE 9.- Cell death. Necrosis and apoptosis. Concepts and general characteristics. Forms of necrosis: Anatomopathological characteristics. Evolution of necrotic foci. Consequences of necrosis.
III. THE DEATH OF THE INDIVIDUAL	ISSUE 10.- The death of the individual.- Concept. Post-mortem changes. Signs of death. Autolysis and putrefaction. Special types of postmortem alterations: Species and organ characteristics. Differentiation of "post-mortem" alterations and "ante-mortem" lesions. Assessment of "post mortem" time.
IV. CIRCULATORY ALTERATIONS	ISSUE 11.- Local congestion and anemia. Active congestion (hyperemia): Morphological characteristics, causes, mechanisms, consequences. Passive congestion: Morphological characteristics, causes, mechanisms and consequences. Concept of stasis. Local anemia: Concepts, causes, pathogenic mechanism, morphological characteristics and consequences. ISSUE 12.- Hemorrhage. Concepts. Terminology and classification. Cause, pathogenesis and morphological characteristics. Consequences. Evolution of hemorrhagic foci. ISSUE 13.- Edema. General concept. Fluid exchange in tissues. Causes and pathogenesis of edema. Locations. Types of edema and anatomopathological characteristics. Characteristics of edema fluid. Consequences of edema. ISSUE 14.- Thrombosis. Concept and general idea of the mechanism of blood coagulation. Etiopathogenesis of thrombosis. Causes and mechanisms of thrombus production. Types of thrombi. Evolution of the thrombus. Importance of thrombosis. C.I.D. ISSUE 15.- Embolism and Heart Attack. Concept. Types and routes of embolization. Consequences of embolism. Types of infarction and anatomopathological characteristics. Consequences and evolution of the heart attack. ISSUE 16.- General alterations in blood circulation. General circulation alterations. Of cardiac origin: forms of heart failure. Hypertrophy and cardiac dilation. Intra and extracardiac injuries related to it. Shock. Types of Shock. Organs and lesions of Shock.
V. INFLAMMATION, REGENERATION AND REPAIR	ISSUE 17.- Inflammation. Concept. Historical memory. Causes of inflammation Signs of inflammation. Inflammation terminology. ISSUE 18.- Classification of inflammatory lesions. Components of inflammation. Phases of the inflammatory response. ISSUE 19.- Acute inflammation: Vascular and cellular phenomena. Chemical mediators of the inflammatory response: General characteristics, types and function. Evolution of acute inflammation. ISSUE 20.- Chronic inflammation: Concept, causes, characteristics and pathogenesis. Granulomatous inflammation: Concept. Components of the granuloma. Types of granulomas. ISSUE 21.- Regeneration and repair: Concept. Physiological regeneration. Pathological regeneration and repair: Components and phases. Factors that influence the repair. Consequences of abnormal tissue repair.
VI. ALTERATIONS IN GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION	ISSUE 22.- Malformations: Concept. Etiology. Types of malformations. Agenesis. Aplasia. Hypoplasia. Atresia. Tema 23.- Neoplasia (I). Concept. Components. Criteria used for classification. Nomenclature. ISSUE 24.- Neoplasia (II). Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasias: Cellular differentiation, growth rate, local invasion, ability to metastasize. Staging of neoplasias. Tumor diagnosis: Cytological, histological and tumor markers. ISSUE 25.- Neoplasia (III). Etiopathogenesis: Fundamental principles. Chemical and physical carcinogens. viral carcinogenesis. Other possible carcinogens. Clinical manifestations of tumors. Tumor immuno-response. ISSUE 26.- Neoplasias of epithelial origin. Papillomas: Types. Adenomas: Types. Carcinomas: Types. Some types of special epithelial tumors in domestic animals. ISSUE 27.- Neoplasias of neuroectodermal origin. Melanocytoma. Melanoma. Tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system. Mixed tumors. ISSUE 28.- Neoplasias of mesenchymal origin (I). Fibroma. Equine sarcoid. Fibrosarcoma. Histiocytoma. Mastocytoma. Myxoma and myxosarcoma. Lipoma and liposarcoma. Chondroma and chondrosarcoma. Osteoma and osteosarcoma. Osteoclastoma. Sarcomas of minimal cellular differentiation. ISSUE 29.- Neoplasias of mesenchymal origin (II). Vascular neoplasias. Hemangioma. Lymphangioma. Hemangiosarcoma. Hemangiopericytoma. Neoplasias of muscle tissue. Leiomyoma. Leiomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma. Neoplasias of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.
VII. INMUNOPATOLOGY	ISSUE 30.- Immunopathology. Pathological consequences of immune responses. Mechanisms of hypersensitivity: Type I or immediate; type II or cytotoxic; type III or immune complexes and type IV or delayed. Congenital immunodeficiencies. Acquired immunodeficiencies. Autoimmune diseases.

Planning

Methodologies :: Tests
	Class hours	Hours outside the classroom	Total hours
Clinical practicums	6	3	9

Laboratory practicals	16	20	36
Assignments	1	6.5	7.5
Tutorship of group	1	1	2
Clinical practicums	6	4	10

Lecture	29	46	75

Objective short-answer tests	3	11	14
Practical tests	2	7	9

(*)The information in the planning table is for guidance only and does not take into account the heterogeneity of the students.

Methodologies

Methodologies ::

	Description
Clinical practicums	Necropsy technique practices: Students will learn the procedure to perform a regulated necropsy. First, the teacher will explain, using an animal, how the necropsy is carried out. Subsequently, the students, in small groups, will perform the necropsy on their own, supervised by the teacher. It will be carried out in the necropsy room, in two sessions: One for the necropsy technique in mammals (3.5 hours) and another in birds (2.5 hours). Attended by two teachers. Number of groups: 6 (x 2 practice sessions).
Laboratory practicals	Practices in microscopic recognition of lesions (histopathology): Students will examine histological slices of the different groups of lesions (metabolic, circulatory alterations, inflammations, neoplasias) under the optical microscope. Prior to the examination, the teacher will explain, using imaging systems, the main characteristics of each lesion and the details to observe. Subsequently, the student, with the help of diagrams and photographs, will examine the slices. These practices will be carried out in the histopathology laboratory, in 8 sessions of 2 hours each. Supervised by a teacher. Number of groups: 4 (x 8 practice sessions).
Assignments	The students, tutored and following the instructions of a teacher, will develop personal work on different aspects of the subject (interpretation of lesions, preparation of reports, resolution of cases, bibliographic reviews on specific topics, etc.). This activity will be proposed in the first weeks of the course and will be developed throughout the semester.
Tutorship of group	In the tutorships, the teacher will be mainly in charge of directing and guiding the student's personal work. Likewise, all doubts or questions that students raise about the contents and different activities of the subject will be resolved. The work and learning carried out by the student throughout the course will be evaluated.
Clinical practicums	Practices in recognizing macroscopic lesions: Students will learn to recognize macroscopic lesions through the examination and study of viscera and organs from the necropsy of animals (clinical cases) or taken in slaughterhouses. The teachers in charge will explain the lesions and the students will subsequently study them. It will be carried out in the necropsy room, in 7 sessions of one hour. Attended by two teachers. Number of groups: 2 (x 6 practice sessions).
Lecture	By using image projection systems and diagrams that have previously been made available to the students, the teacher will present the contents of the subject in the classroom.

Personalized attention

Lecture

Clinical practicums

Laboratory practicals

Assignments

Tutorship of group

Objective short-answer tests

Practical tests

Description

During the hours designated for tutorships, the teacher will guide the students' learning through their participation in the different scheduled activities.
On the one hand, individualized tutorships will be carried out in which the teacher will clarify any doubts or questions the students need throughout the course.
Specifically, and in small groups, each teacher will tutor a personal assignment. For its preparation, periodic appointments will be established in which instructions on how to carry out the work will be provided and its development will be monitored.
Tutorships can be performed in person, in the teacher's office (preferably Monday, Wednesday or Friday, from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.), or using email or other digital platforms for teaching.

Assessment

Description

Qualification

Lecture

Evaluation of theoretical knowledge: Questionnaire of 40 objective and short questions, to be developed, which will be carried out in two sessions (partial and final).

1.- First partial exam
Halfway through the semester (approx. April-May). 20 questions (20% of the final grade).

2.- Second partial exam.
At the end of the semester (June-July). 20 questions (20% of the final grade).
On this date, students who have failed the first partial will be able to recover.

Location: Faculty classrooms.

The correct answer to the questions will be evaluated, in terms of understanding of concepts, knowledge of etiopathogenic mechanisms, etc.

40% of the final score (20% each partial)

Clinical practicums

Macroscopic lesion recognition examination by organ observation: Lesion recognition in 10 preserved organs.

Each student will examine the organ for a short period of time (1-2 minutes) and then write the name of the lesion found.

ONE SINGLE EXAM, at the end of the course (June).

Location: Necropsy room.

The ability to recognize and differentiate lesions, and their correct naming will be assessed.

10 % of the final score

Laboratory practicals

Histopathology examination: Identification and description of 5 general microscopic lesions.

Each student will be provided with a set of 5 histological slices with some of the lesions studied throughout the course. They will have 30 minutes for microscope observation, description and identification.

ONE SINGLE EXAM, at the end of the course (June).

Location: Microscopy laboratory.

The grade awarded will take into account the student's ability to describe the lesions present in the histological slices, and their correct identification.

10 % of the final score

Assignments

TWO works, of a practical nature, on various aspects of the subject.

The first assignment must be submitted towards the middle of the semester (April), and the second at the end of the course.

The knowledge acquired, ability to express, presentation of results, and synthesis and search for information will be evaluated.

10 % of the final score

Others

LESION RECOGNITION exam in projected images.
It will consist of the recognition of a total of 60 macro and microscopic images, in relation to the lesions observed in the different practices of the subject.
Coinciding with the theoretical exam of the first partial, the recognition of 40 injuries will be carried out (0.5 points each), and with the second partial, the remaining 20 lesions.
Location: Faculty classrooms.
The student must identify the projected lesion, or a related disease of which it is characteristic, and respond correctly to the questions raised about the lesions.

30% of the final grade (20% for the first partial and 10% for the second)

Other comments and second call

SCORES

EXAM TYPE	TOTAL VALUE OF THE EXAM	MINIMUM SCORE NECESSARY TO AVERAGE
Theory 1st partial	20	12
Theory 2nd partial	20	12
1st partial classroom images	20	12
2nd partial classroom images	10	6
Macroscopic lesions	10	5
Histopathology	10	5
Directed works	10	5
TOTAL	100	60

ALL QUALIFICATIONS WILL BE CONSERVED FOR THEEXTRAORDINARY CALL. It is necessary to achieve the minimum grade indicated ineach separate exam, and a total of 60 points, to pass the subject.

During exams in the classroom,laboratory or necropsy room, the possession, by the student, of paper material(notes, diagrams, etc.) or audiovisual support (tablets, mobile phones, etc.)that contains information that could be used to answer exam questions, is notallowed without authorization from the teacher. If there is any irregularity ofthis type, the exam will be immediately withdrawn, expelled from it and gradedas a fail.

Sources of information

Access to Recommended Bibliography in the Catalog ULE

Basic	Thomson RG, Anatomía patológica general veterinaria, Zaragoza: Acribia, 1986 Zachary JF, McGavin MD, Pathologic basis of veterinary disease, Elsevier, 2012 Zachary JF, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, Elsevier, 2017 Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, Robbins and Cotran Pathologic basis of disease. 9th Ed., Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2015 Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster, JC, Robbins basic pathology, Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders, 2013 Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Robbins y Cotran Patología estructural y funcional, Barcelona: Elsevier, 2005

Complementary	Randall CJ , A colour atlas of diseases and disorders of the domestic fowl and turkey, London: Wolfe Publishing, 1991 Ladds PW, A colour atlas of lymph node pathology in cattle, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1986 Barnett KC, A colour atlas of veterinary ophthalmology, London: Wolfe Medical Publications, 1990 Cheville NF , An introduction to veterinary pathology , Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press , 2006 Marcato PS , Anatomia e istologia patologica generale veterinaria , Bolonia: Società Editrice Esculapio , 2007 Stunzi H, Weiss E , Anatomía patológica general veterinaria , Barcelona: Aedos , 1984 Blowey W, Weaver AD, Atlas a color de enfermedades y trastornos del ganado vacuno, Madrid: Mosby-Doyma, D.L., 2004 Wiggins GS, WILSON A, Atlas a color de inspección de carnes y de aves de corral, Londres: Medical Publishers, 1978 Pascoe RR, Atlas de dermatología equina, Barcelona: Grass Ediciones, 1990 Montes LF, Vaughan JT , Atlas de enfermedades de la piel del caballo, Barcelona: Científico-Médica, 1986 Hawkey CM, Dennet TB, Atlas de hematología veterinaria comparada, Barcelona: Grass Ediciones, 1989 Milikovski C, Berman I, Atlas de histopatología, Madrid: Marbán Libros , 2001 Infante J, Costa J, Atlas de inspección de la carne, Barcelona: Grass Ediciones, 1986 Walde J, Atlas de oftalmología canina y felina, Barcelona: Grass Ediciones, 1990 Mouwen JMUM, De Groot ECBM , Atlas de patología veterinaria, Barcelona: Salvat, 1984 Randall CJ, Atlas en color de las enfermedades de las aves domésticas y de corral, Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana, 1989 Blowey RS, Weaver RAD, Atlas en color de patología del ganado vacuno, Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana , 1992 Smith WS, Taylor DJ, Penny RHC, Atlas en color de patología porcina, Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana, 1990 Monlux WS, Monlux AW, Atlas of meat inspection pathology, United States Department of Agriculture, 1972 Buergelt CD, Atlas of reproductive pathology of domestic animals, St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1997 Magnol JP, Achache S, Cancerologie vétérinaire et comparée (génerale et appliquée), Paris: Maloine Editeur, 1983 Cheville NF , Cell pathology , Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press , 1983 Majno G, Joris I , Cells, tissues and diseases. Principles of general pathology , New York: Oxford University Press , 2004 Knottenbelt D, Color atlas of disease and disorders of the horse, London: Mosby Company, 1994 Linklater KA, Color atlas of diseases and disorders of the sheep and goat, London: Wolfe Medical Publications, 1993 Kummel B, Pascoe RR, Color atlas of small animal dermatology, St. Louis: Mosby Company, 1990 Dijk JE, Van Gruys E, Mouwen JMCM, Color atlas of veterinary pathology: general morphological reactions of organs and tissues, Edinburgh: Saunders Elsevier, 2007 Mitchell RN, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N , Compendio de patología estructural y funcional , Madrid: Elsevier , 2007 Curran RC, Crocker J , Curran’s Atlas of histopathology, New York: Oxford University Press Oxford University Press, 2000 Rebhun WC, Diseases of dairy cattle, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1995 Rooney JR, Robertson JL, Equine pathology, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1996 Oliva Aldamiz, H, Esquemas de anatomía patológica general, Madrid: Ergón, 2002 Herenda DC, Franco DA , Food Animal Pathology and Meat Hygiene, St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1991 Roitt I, Brostoff J, Male D, Inmunología, Madrid: Harcourt, 2001 Cheville NF , Introducción a la anatomia patológica general veterinaria , Zaragoza: Acribia , 1994 Slawson DO, Cooper BJ , Mechanisms of disease, St. Louis: Mosby, 2002 Bostok DE, Owen LN, Neoplasia in the cat, dog and horse. A colour atlas, London: Wolfe Medical Publications, 1975 Morris J, Dobson J, Oncología en pequeños animales, Buenos Aires: Inter-Médica, 2002 McGavin MD, Zachary JF , Pathologic basis of veterinary disease , St Louis: Mosby Elsevier , 2007 Damjanov I, Linder J, Pathology. A color atlas, St. Louis: Mosby, 2000 Marcato PS, Patologia animale e Ispezione sanitaria delle carni fresche, Bologna: Edagnicole, 1995 Cheville NF , Patología celular , Zaragoza: Acribia , 1980 Marcato PS, Rosmini R, Patologia del coniglio e della lepre. Atlante a colore e compendio, Bologna: Societá Editricie Esculapio, 1986 Marcato PS, Patologia respiratoria animale, Bologna: Edagricole, 1988 Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N , Robbins & Cotran Pathological basis of disease , Madrid: Elsevier , 2010 Klatt EC, Kumar V, Robbins Review of pathology, Philadelphia: Saunders Company, 1989 Klatt EC, Robbins y Cotran Atlas de anatomía patológica, Madrid: Elsevier Saunders, 2007 Fergurson HW, Systemic pathology of fish, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press , 1989 Potel K , Tratado de anatomía patológica general veterinaria , Zaragoza: Acribia , 1984 Kitt Th, Schulz LC , Tratado de anatomía patológica general, para veterinarios y estudiantes de veterinaria , Barcelona: Labor , 1985 Meuten DJ, Tumors in domestic animals, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press, 2002 Cheville NF, Ultrastructural pathology, Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1994 Theilen GH, Madewell BR, Veterinary cancer medicine, Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1987 Jones TC, Hunt RD.King NW, Veterinary pathology, Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins, 1997 Stevens A, Lowe JS, Young B , Wheater Histopatología Básica. Atlas y texto en color, Elsevier, 2003
	Links of interest: http://vperp.unileon.es http://www.veterinariavirtual.uab.es/archivopatologia/index.php http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/ http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/GENERAL.html https://www-s.med.uiuc.edu/ms/pathology/PathAtlasf/titlepage.html http://erl.pathology.iupui.edu

Recommendations

Subjects that it is recommended to have taken before

ANATOMY I / 00106002

PHYSIOLOGY I / 00106003

BIOCHEMISTRY / 00106004

CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY / 00106005

ANATOMY II / 00106006

PHYSIOLOGY II / 00106007

MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY / 00106012

PARASITOLOGY / 00106013