| Block II: Thermodynamics of metallurgical reactions. |
THEME 2: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIATION OF FREE ENERGY AND THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT IN METALLURGICAL REACTIONS - Van't Hoff Isotherm or Isotherm of the reaction. Equilibrium partial pressures. Decomposition pressure. Effect of temperature on the equilibrium. Vant't Hoff isotherm. Variation of vapour pressure with temperature: Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
APPLICATION OF FREE ENERGY-TEMPERATURE DIAGRAMS OR ELLINGHAN DIAGRAMS TO THE EXTRACTION OF METALS. - Oxide and sulphide formation diagrams. General arrangement of the lines. changes of slope Determination of other lines using Hess's law Direct and indirect reduction of metal oxides. Graphical determination of the equilibrium constant Auxiliary nomographic scales
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| Block III: General metallurgical processes |
THEME 4. SIMPLE TOASTING.- Decomposition by simple roasting of different compounds. Decomposition of carbonates and sulphates. Gº/T diagrams of decomposition of carbonates and sulphates. Thermodynamic calculation of the equilibrium. Decomposition pressure.
TOPIC 5. DEATH ROASTING OF SULPHIDES. - Operating conditions: wind flow and pressure, feed flow, operating temperature. Thermodynamic conditions of operation. Free Energy-Temperature diagrams for sulphide oxidation. Equilibrium calculation. SO2 exhaust pressure. Types of furnaces used
TOPIC 6. AGGLOMERATING ROASTING OR SINTERING. - Purpose of the agglomerating character. Description of the process Dwight-Lloyd type continuous kilns with moving grate, chemical and physical characteristics of the charge. Operating parameters: wind flow and pressure, bed height, feed rate. Agglomerating roasting with previous nodulisation.
THEME 7. DIRECT EXTRACTION OF A METAL BY OXIDATION OF ITS SULPHIDE - Thermodynamic basis. Difference in the affinity of sulphur for oxygen and for the metal. Relative position of the lines in the ?Gº/T diagram. Possibility of oxidation of the metal obtained. Cases of the conversion of Cu and Ni mattes. Other thermodynamic conditions
SULFATANT ROSTING - Interest of sulphate roasting. Obtaining oxides or sulphates by roasting sulphides depending on the operating temperature. Combined Gº/T diagram of formation of oxides and sulphates.
REDUCTION ROASTING - Fundamentals and thermodynamic conditions. Advantages of the use of pre-reduced. Application to the obtaining of sponge and iron pre-reduced products.
TOPIC 10. CHLORIDE ROASTING OF OXIDES AND SULPHIDES. - Purpose of chloride roasting. Obtaining a more soluble or more volatile compound. Chlorinating agents. Comparison of the chlorinating power of different metal chlorides according to thermodynamic data. Chloride roasting of oxides. Chloride roasting of sulphides. Application to the elimination of impurities and the recovery of precious metals.
OTHER TYPES OF ROASTING: Carburising roasting: Definition of the operation. Application to the carburising of solid phase iron in the Blast Furnace.
TOPIC 12. FUSION WITHOUT CHEMICAL MODIFICATION. - Introduction. Separation of a metal from its gangue. Casting of a metal. Preparation of an alloy.
REDUCING FUSION - Reducing agents for metal oxides. Thermodynamic possibility of reduction. Reduction of the oxide and obtaining the metal in liquid phase. Industrial applications: Steel Blast Furnace. Water Jacket for non-ferrous metals.
TOPIC 14. OXIDISING FUSION. - Selective oxidation of impurities according to the relative position in the ?Gº/T diagram. Application to the refining of pig iron and pyrometallurgical refining of Cu blister,
TOPIC 15. SLAG MELTING. |
| Block IV: Extractive Metallurgical Processes |
THEME 16. STEEL MANUFACTURING. MANUFACTURE OF IRON IN THE BLAST FURNACE. - Description and parts of which it consists. How it works. Transformations in the descending solid column and in the ascending gaseous column. Chemical reactions and thermal exchange in the three operating zones. Physical-chemical justification of the same.
THEME 17. STEEL MANUFACTURING: GENERAL - Selective oxidation of impurities according to their relative affinity for oxygen. The problem of phosphorus elimination. Acidic and basic processes The negative effect of sulphur. Impossibility of its elimination in the acid process. Difficulties and limitations in basic processes Other problems: degree of oxidation at the end of the period. Negative effects of oxygen and nitrogen. Need to deoxidise. Addition of ferroalloys Effervescent steels and quenched steels. Additions of Al, Ti and others. Microinclusions.
TOPIC 18.STEEL MANUFACTURE IN A CONVERTER. BESSEMER, THOMAS AND LD PROCEDURES.- Description of the apparatus and its operation. Distinctive peculiarities. Requirements for the composition of the pig iron . Phosphorus removal mechanism . Operation: Phases of the operation.
TOPIC 19. STEELMAKING IN A HEARTH FURNACE. SIEMENS-MARTIN PROCESS. - Manufacture of steel in a hearth furnace with preheating of air and fuel. Arrangement of the furnace and heat regenerators. Flexibility in the feeding of scrap and pig iron. Mechanism of oxidation, slag-metal, of impurities, Operation sequence: Duration of the process. Process steps. Control of the composition throughout the operation. Steel quality. Comparison with converter processes.
TOPIC 20. STEELMAKING IN ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE WITH DOUBLE SLAG. - Ease of installation. Flexibility of raw material feed. No need for thermogenic elements. Advantages of the double slag process. Elimination of impurities in the basic and oxidising slag stage. Elimination of sulphur in the basic and reducing slag stage. Reduction of deoxidiser requirements. Reduction of the content of microinclusions and nitrogen. Application to the manufacture of fine steels.
TOPIC 21. METALLURGY OF COPPER AND NICKEL SULPHIDES. - Roasting of concentrates. - Relative affinity of iron, copper and nickel for oxygen and sulphur. Description of the process. Matte smelting: Slag smelting of roasted concentrates. Direct smelting of crude concentrates. Conversion of copper or nickel mattes: Peirce-Smith horizontal converter. Obtaining white metal and blister copper. Difficulties in obtaining nickel metal in the horizontal converter. T.B.R.C. vertical converter.
TOPIC 22. COPPER AND NICKEL REFINING. |
JOSÉ APRAIZ, FABRICACIÓN DEL HIERRO, ACERO Y FUNDICIONES. TOMOS 1 Y 2 , URMO,